Wagon Lanterns:

Prior to the hot and cold blast lantern patents, they were known as the dead flame: Meaning a simple wick in a fuel oil such as kerosene. Through the ages, fuels varied greatly from whale oil to various spirit alcohols.

In 1846 Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a substitute for whale oil for lighting, distilled from coal. Later made from petroleum, kerosene became a popular lighting fuel. Modern and most popular versions of the kerosene lamp were later constructed by Polish inventor and pharmacist Ignacy Łukasiewicz, in Lviv in 1853. 
While patents continue to improve dead flame lanterns, they had been around since the 18th century. François-Pierre-Amédée Argand, known to everyone as Aimé, was born in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1780, he moved to France where he developed the first wick lamp that was ten times brighter than candles. Though his design used a flat cotton wick wrapped circular into a tube shape, it would lead to the dead flame lanterns. Argand's design of his lamp to called for a brass reservoir which held about 12 ounces of oil, a glass globe rested above the reservoir which protected the flame, and had a means for the wick to be adjusted. The Burn time is about one hour per half ounce. This will slightly vary from types of fuels, although Kerosene became the most common along trail drives that followed the civil war. Prior to the war, rapeseed oil, lard, whale oil, tallow, and in 1835, Henry Porter of Bangor, Maine, patented his camphene mixture and opened a business to sell it in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The concoction combined one-part turpentine with four parts alcohol, and a small amount of camphor for aroma. Nevertheless, kerosene would become the standard fuel by the 1860's.

Kerosene fuel was marketed in different fashions, but commonly was 42-gallon wood kegs shipped to various distributors. Upon arrival, repackage into small containers. Some were 10-gallon wood kegs with metal lids, then even smaller packages in half gallon glass with a metal lid and tin metal casing, and even small copper flask. Until packaging in a tin can in the 1880's become the common means for marketing, general stores might receive Kerosene packaged in many different forms.

Chuckwagon’s likely carried no less than two lanterns, though larger outfits may have carried more as night herding was often performed riding horseback carrying a lantern with you. At camp, the cook kept the lantern or two lite throughout the night. This made relocating the camp easy for night riders. Only during a bright full moon, could a rider easily see around the herds.

One mention of lanterns was made by Richard (Dick) Withers of Boyes, Montana in the book “Trail drivers of Texas” written by George Saunders. “We often used lanterns around the herds at night, but on that night a lantern was not needed, for the lightning flashed so continuously and so bright we could see everything plainly and smell burning brimstone all the time."

Since a lantern used about half an ounce of fuel per hour, and burned about 10 hours each day, then one could figure needing about 5-6 ounces of fuel per lantern. If the wagon carried just two lanterns, and the drive was 60 days long, a minimum 5.6 gallons of kerosene plus one extra wick per lantern. Figuring 4 lanterns over the course of 90 days, equates to 16 gallons. Most likely, the wagon would carry smaller containers available ranging anywhere from 1 to ten-gallon sizes. This would highly depend upon goods available at a general store when supplying the wagon.

Dead Flame Kerosene Lantern Pre Civil War era. Left is to round cotton wick while right is a flat 3/8 inch wick. Both were easily adjusted and useful...  

Onion Globe Dead Flame lantern.

Brass Dead Flame Lantern with protected globe